Rav Shmuel Binyomin Honigwachs
Answer: The Gemara in Bava Metziah says that one who lends money without a shtar or eidim transgresses the prohibition of lifnei iver, causing someone else to sin. The Gemara relates an interesting story of one Amorah who wanted to test another Amorah to see if he kept halacha properly. He approached him shortly before Shabbos and asked for a loan. His friend passed the test when he told him that he would lend him the money, but they first must write a shtar and find witnesses.
The reason why one who lends money without a shtar is considered to be possibly causing his friend to sin is because he is leaving the door open for his friend to deny that he borrowed any money or to falsely claim that he already paid his debt. For this reason, it is important to have some documentation on a loan, and the best kind of documentation is a halachic shtar.
The Shulchan Aruch discusses two types of shtaros. One of them is a simple IOU, on which the borrower signs that he borrowed money from the lender. There is a dispute amongst the Poskim whether a borrower would be believed to say that he paid up the loan if the lender is still holding the IOU. A second, better type of shtar is one that is signed by witnesses to the transaction.
In the times of the Gemara and the Shulchan Aruch, when the lender was in possession of a shtar with witnesses, the borrower was not believed if he claimed to have already paid back the loan. However some held that the borrower would be believed with an IOU type of Shtar.
In contemporary times, it is not 100% clear that a borrower would not be trusted if he says he paid back a loan that the lender has documented on a shtar with witnesses. The most effective way to avoid such a scenario is to put something called "ne'emanus" into the shtar. This basically means that the borrower is granting the lender the benefit of the doubt in a circumstance where the borrower claims he repaid the debt and the lender says he did not.
This is just one of a number of reasons why it's always worthwhile to have a shtar drafted properly for any loan or transaction.
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