Rashi says that lo sechalelu includes “do not do aveiros b’meizid.” What this means is as the Rambam writes. The Rambam (hilchos Yesodei Ha’Torah 5:10) says that if someone does an aveirah bi’shat nefesh l’hachis, in flagrant disdain, it is a violation of the of chillul Hashem, and if it is in front of ten people then it’s chillul Hashem b’rabim. It’s clear from the Rambam that a person can violate chillul Hashem even in private. If it’s in front of ten Jews then there is another level of chillul Hashem b’rabim, but it’s clear that the essential halacha of chillul Hashem is even if someone is alone. The Rambam continues that if one refrains from doing an aveirah (that is tempting him) without any extraneous motivating factor – not because he is afraid of someone or because he wants honor – rather the only reason he is refraining is because of the Creator of the universe, like the way Yosef ha’tzaddik abstained from aveirah, it is an act of Kiddush Hashem.
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